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Directions 1 to 4: Passage 1
From a vantage point in space, an observer could see
that the Earth is engaged in a variety of motions. First, there is its rotation
on its own axis, causing the alternation of day and night. This rotation,
however, is not altogether steady. Primarily because of the Moon’s
gravitational action, the Earth’s axis wobbles like that of an ill-spun top. During
this motion, known as ‘precession’, both the North and South Poles trace out
the base of a cone in space, completing a circle every 25,800 years. In
addition, as the Sun and the Moon change their positions with respect to the
Earth, their changing gravitational effects result in a slight ‘nodding’ of the
Earth’s axis, called ‘mutation’, which is superimposed on precession. The Earth
completes one of these ‘nods’ every recrosses 18.6 years.
The Earth also, of course, revolves around the Sun in a 6-million mile
journey that takes 365.25 days. The shape of this orbit is an ellipse, but it
is not the center of the Earth that follows the elliptical path. Earth and Moon
behave like an asymmetrical dumb-bell, and it is the center of the mass of this
dumb-bell that traces the ellipse around the Sun. The center of the Earth-Moon
mass lies about 3000 miles away from the center of the Earth, and the
Earth thus moves in an S-curve that crosses and recrosses its orbital path.
Then too, the Earth accompanies the Sun in the latter’s movements. First,
through its local star cloud, and second, in a great sweep around the hub of
its galaxy, the Milky Way that takes 200 million years to complete.
1. The passage is most likely directed towards an
audience of
(a) geologists.
(b) astronauts.
(c) meteorologists interested in weather prediction.
(d) person with little technical knowledge of astronomy.
2. Which of the following best describes the main
subject of the passage?
(a) The various types of the Earth’s motions
(b) Past changes in the Earth’s position
(c) The moon gravitational effect on the earth
(d) Oddities of the Earth’s rotation of its axis.
3. The passage indicates that a single cycle of which
of the following motions is completed in the shortest period of time?
(a) Mutation.
(b) Precession.
(c) The Earth’s rotation on its axis.
(d) The movement of the dumb-bell formed by the center of mass of
Earth-Moon.
4. Which of the following techniques does the author
use in order to make the descriptions of motion clear?
I. Comparison with familiar objects.
II. Reference of geometric forms.
III. Allusions to the works of other authors.
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) I and II only
(d) II and III only
Directions (5 to 10): Passage2
The connective tissues are a heterogeneous group of
tissues derived from the mesenchyme, a meshwork of stellate cells that develop
in the middle layer of the early embryo. They have the general function of
maintaining the structural integrity of organs, and providing cohesion and
internal support for the body as a whole. The connective tissues include
several types of fibrous tissue that vary only in their density and
cellularity, as well as more specialised variants ranging from adipose tissues and
cartilages to bones. The cells that are responsible for the specific function
of an organ are referred to as its ‘parenchyma’, while the delicate fibrous
meshwork that binds the cells together into functional units, the fibrous
partitions or septa that enclose aggregations of functional units, and the
dense fibrous capsule that encloses the whole organ, collectively make up its
connective-tissue framework, or ‘stroma’. Blood vessels, both large and small,
course through connective tissues, which is therefore closely associated with
the nourishment of tissues and organs throughout the body. All nutrient
materials and waste products exchanged between the organs and the blood must
traverse peri-vascular spaces occupied by connective tissues. One of the
important functions of the connective tissue cells is to maintain conditions in
the extra-cellular spaces that favour this exchange.
Some organs are suspended from the wall of a body
cavity by thin sheets of connective tissues called mesenteries; others are embedded
in adipose tissue – a form of a connective tissue in which the cells are
specialised for the synthesis and storage of energy-rich reserves of fat, or
lipids. The entire body is supported from within by a skeleton composed of
bone, a type of connective tissue endowed with great resistance to stress owing
to its highly ordered, laminated structure and to its hardness, which results
from deposition of mineral salts in its fibres and amorphous matrix. The
individual bones of the skeleton are held firmly together by ligaments, and
muscles are attached to bone by tendons, both of which are examples of dense
connective tissue, in which many fibre bundles are associated in parallel array
to provide great tensile strength. At the joints, the articular surfaces of the
bones are covered with cartilage, a connective tissue with abundant
intercellular substance that gives it a firm consistency well- adopted to
permit smooth, gliding movements between the opposed surfaces. The synovial
membrane, which lines the margins of the joint cavity and lubricates and
nourishes the joint surfaces, is also a form of connective tissue.
5. The passage has most probably been taken from a
book on
(a) neurology
(b) nutrition
(c) physiology
(d) calisthenics
6. Mesenteries are
(a) adipose tissue in which some organs are embedded.
(b) referred to as parenchyma, and are responsible for specific
functions of an organ.
(c) thin sheets from which some organs are suspended.
(d) cells through which blood flows.
7. Through peri-vascular spaces exchange takes place
between
(a) blood and organs.
(b) cells and embryo.
(c) nutrients and waste products.
(d) septa and stroma.
8. The connective tissue in which fat is stored is
called
(a) cartilage
(b) mesenteries
(c) ligaments
(d) adipose tissue
9. The connective tissues originate in the
(a) cartilage
(b) bone
(c) embryo
(d) nutrients.
10. The tissue which enables smooth gliding movements
of neighbouring surface is
(a) adipose tissue
(b) cartilage
(c) synovial membrane
(d) stellate cells
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