Dear PaGaLGuY readers,
As you all know, China’s new regional lending institution, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has been in the news nowadays. The new regional Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has been supported and widely welcomed by Asian and European countries. The United States and Japan had expressed their dissatisfaction with China’s new AIIB scheme.
In order to provide more information on China’s new initiative, we are presenting you this article.
The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is an international financial institution which was proposed by the government of China in 2013.It was launched on October 2014 in Beijing and it will be fully established by the end of 2015. The bank’s headquarters will be located in Beijing, China. The authorised capital of AIIB will be USD 100 billion, with an initial subscribed capital of USD 50 billion. The AIIB is considered an alternative to the existing World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
There are high chances of India getting the Vice President’s post in the AIIB. Each country’s vote share in the AIIB is expected to be based on 50 per cent Gross Domestic Product ( GDP) and 50 per cent Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), with primacy to be given to Asian countries as the bank primarily aims to fund infrastructure projects mainly in the Asian region.
India has already been designated to head the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) Development Bank (New Development Bank) which will be headquartered in Shanghai.
Objective – The objective of the Asian Infrastructure Bank (AIIB) is to provide finance to infrastructure projects and to promote economic development in the Asia region. According to the Chinese Finance Ministry, the AIIB will feature a three-level management structure that includes a board of governors, board of directors and senior management. Mr. Jin Liqun was appointed as the Secretary General of the Multilateral Interim Secretariat.
Prospective Founding Members (PFM) –Twenty one Asian countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on 24 October 2014 to establish the AIIB. These twenty one countries include China, India, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Laos, Myanmar, Mongolia, Nepal, Oman, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.
The US and Japan were not very
happy with China’s AIIB scheme and have thus far refrained from joining the
bank. The UK was the first European
country to join the bank as a founding member. Three other European nations
– Germany, France and Italy – soon followed Britain’s decision
to join the AIIB.
Australia and South
Korea officially applied to join the bank in late March 2015 ignoring
objections by the United States.Indonesia signed the MoU on 25 November
2014.
Belgium, Canada, Czech
Republic and Ukraine are considering joining the
AIIB. North Korea and Taiwan had applied to join as a PFM but
their applications were rejected by China. Hungary and Taiwan are
applying for ordinary membership of the AIIB. Colombia, Japan, and
the United States have no immediate intention to participate.
As of 15 April 2015, there are 57
Prospective Founding Members (PFM). Hong Kong would join the delegation of
China in the negotiations.
AIIB’s GLOBAL PEERS
1. International
Monetary Fund (IMF): It was established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference and came
into existence in 1945 with 29 member countries.
Objective:The IMF’s primary
purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system – the
system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and
their citizens) to transact with each other.
Original aims:
1. promote international monetary cooperation;
2. facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade;
3. promote exchange stability;
4. assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments; and
5. make resources available (with adequate safeguards) to members
experiencing balance of payments difficulties.
President: Christine Lagarde
Members: 188 countries
Headquarters – Washington DC, US
Executive Board: 24 Directors representing countries or
groups of countries
Staff: Approximately
2,600 from 147 countries
Total quotas: US$362 billion (as of 13th
March 2015)
Quota –When
a country joins the IMF, it is assigned an initial quota in the same range as
the quotas of existing members of broadly comparable economic size
and characteristics. The IMF uses a quota formula to help assess a member’s
relative position.
Quotas are denominated
in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), the IMF’s unit of account. The largest
member of the IMF is the United States, with a current quota of
SDR 42.1 billion and the United Kingdom is the second largest member,
with a current quota of SDR 10.5 billion. China is the third largest member of
the IMF with a current quota of SDR 9.9 billion.
The reform of the voting shares,
known as quotas, cannot proceed without the United States, which holds the only
controlling share of IMF votes.
Voting Share – The United States holds the largest
proportion of shares at 16.75% and the Japan holds 6.23%,Germany
holds 5.81%, United Kingdom holds 4.29%and the China holds 3.81% vote
share in the IMF.
2. World Bank: The World Bank, founded in 1944 at the Bretton
Woods Conference, is a United
Nations international financial institution that provides loans
to developing countries for capital programs. The World Bank is a component
of the World Bank Group and a member of the United Nations
Development Group.
The following are the objectives
of the World Bank:
1. To provide long-run capital to member countries for economic
reconstruction and development.
2. To induce long-run capital investment for assuring Balance of Payments
(BoP) equilibrium and balanced development of international trade.
3. To provide guarantee for loans granted to small and large units and other
projects of member countries.
4. To ensure the implementation of development projects so as to bring about
a smooth transference from a war-time to a peace-time economy.
President: Jim Yong Kim
Member– 188 countries
Headquarters – Washington DC, US
Capital –188
member countries have subscribed to US$223.2
billion of subscribed capital (paid in capital + callable capital).
Shares:The
largest shareholders include the United States (16.05% of total subscribed
capital), Japan (8.94%), China (5.76%), Germany (4.73%), and France and the
United Kingdom (with 4.22% each).
3. Asian Development Bank (ADB): The Asian
Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development
bank established on 22nd August 1966 and headquartered in Metro
Manila, Philippines. The primary motive of the bank is to
facilitate economic development in Asia.
Objectives of ADB:
1. Mobilisation and promotion of investment of
private and public capital for productive purposes.
2. Utilisation of its resources for financing
those development projects which contribute most to the harmonious economic
growth of the region as a whole with special emphasis on the needs of the
smaller or less developed members.
3. Coordination of plans and policies of the
member countries with a view to achieving better utilisation of their
resources, making them economically more complementary, and expanding their
foreign trade.
4. Provision of technical assistance to member
countries for the preparation, financing and execution of development projects.
5. Cooperation with the United Nations and its
various organs and other international organisations with the objective of
persuading them to make investments in this region.
President:
Takehiko Nakao
Member Countries – 67; 48 regional members, 19 non regional
members.
Headquarter – Manila, Philippines
Capital:
The ADB has a capital base of $165
billion(as of 3rd April, 2015).
Shares –
At the end of 2013, Japan holds the largest proportion of shares at
15.67%. The United States holds 15.56%,China holds
6.47%, India holds 6.36%, and Australia holds 5.81%.
Why is China creating AIIB?
1. The Asian Development Bank has
estimated that Asia needs to spend at least $8 trillion in infrastructure
investment between 2010 and 2020. Existing institutions cannot hope to fill it –
the ADB has a capital base of $165 billion and the World Bank has $223.2
billion.
2. China’s decision to use its reserves to boost
Asian infrastructure investment was widely welcomed in Asia.
3. Chinese officials have stated that the bank
will use the best practices from the IMF, World Bank and ADB but will avoid the dominance
of a few countries setting rules for the international financial system.
4. China has said that the AIIB will draw upon
the experiences of other multilateral development banks and would avoid their problems
so as to be more cost-effective and efficient.
5. China will use the new bank to expand its
influence at the expense of America and Japan, Asia’s established power.
6. The establishment of the AIIB coincides with
China’s “New Silk Road” plan to boost trade and economic relations with the
rest of Eurasia, as well as Africa, in part through the development of
infrastructure around the region.
7. China has announced a USD 40 billion special
fund for its Silk Road projects to develop a wide network of highways, railway
and ports in Asia and Africa.
8. Inside China, the government has been spending heavily on infrastructure, and the AIIB will
provide a platform for China to export its capital, labour and experience in
infrastructure-building to emerging economies around Asia, which would be
helpful to China’s economy.
9. The new bank fits well with China’s broader
goals of projecting an image of a responsible world power, pushing forward the
internationalization of the Yuan and increasing China’s input in the global
financial system.
Happy reading!